You and Budget 2017: Tax Increases Are Now the Order of the Day

This budget is one of the most anticipated for many years

with many questions still needing answers:

How will the expected tax increases pan out?
Will the Minister of Finance and his deputy keep their jobs?
Will the budget incorporate “radical economic transformation” which has become the President’s mantra in the past few months?
How will the ratings agencies view the budget and do we now face a ratings downgrade?

The tax increases

The Minister needed to raise R28 billion in additional revenue which will come from:

Increasing the marginal income tax rate from 41% to 45%. The maximum threshold will be reached when your taxable income exceeds R1.5 million. This will affect just over 100,000 taxpayers and is expected to add R4.4 billion to tax collections
Bracket creep will add R12.1 billion to tax revenue. “Bracket creep” means increasing marginal tax bands by less than inflation, thus giving the Treasury additional revenue and costing taxpayers more
Increasing dividend tax from 15% to 20% – adding R6.8 billion tax revenue
Increase in “sin” taxes and fuel levies – another R5.1 billion
“Sugar tax” will be introduced sometime in 2017 depending on when the legislation is passed by Parliament. The proposed rate of tax has been reduced from 20% to approximately 11%
Carbon tax has been on the cards for a while but looks unlikely to become effective until 2018.

In addition, the Voluntary Disclosure Program runs to 31 August. So far almost R4 billion in offshore assets has been disclosed and this will bring R600 million to the fiscus.

These increases should bring in more than R28 billion but Treasury is now nervous about the ability of SARS to continue to deliver increased revenue as it has done for years. In 2016/17 revenue collections are estimated to fall R27 billion short of target. Some ascribe this to the ructions in SARS which has seen the bulk of senior management departing but it is not possible to indefinitely increase revenue targets, particularly when the news is filled with stories about corruption. At some stage reality kicks in and that is happening now.

Treasury will now carefully need to rethink tax policy and that taxes like a VAT increase cannot be deferred much longer. Already consideration is being given to adding VAT to the fuel price (it is currently zero-rated)

The good news…

Transfer duty will now only apply to property sales of R900,001 or more (previously R750,001). This will give R400,000 back to taxpayers and will hopefully stimulate property sales to first-time and buy-to-let buyers.
R20 billion will be cut from government expenditure. No specifics were given but expenditure targets have generally been met.
R3.9 billion will be allocated to small business.
The tax free savings allowance has been raised from R30,000 to R33,000.
The Treasury and business cooperation has worked well so far and helped to avert a ratings downgrade. Business plans to offer one million apprenticeships to the youth over the next three years. In addition, R1.5 billion has been paid into a fund to assist small businesses.

This cooperation with business (add to this labour with the agreement on the minimum wage) does add a new dynamic into the economy. Minister Gordhan often spoke of a new social cohesion to help economic growth and this is evidence that this is beginning to show positive results.
Inflation will fall from 6.6% now to 5.7%.
GDP will grow 1.3% this year versus 0.4% last year.
The budget deficit will come in at 3.1% of GDP versus 3.2% this year.
An additional R5 billion has been set aside for student fees.

There are still perils out there

The sovereign debt of the country has risen over the past 8 years and now stands at 50.7% of GDP. If you add in the State entities (Eskom, SAA, Transnet etc) this rises to more than 60%. This translates to R169 billion interest being paid by the state – interest is the fastest growing expense in expenditure.

Perhaps more significantly, economic growth has stagnated. As can be seen above it is becoming more difficult to increase taxes and thus the way out of a growing budget stalemate is economic growth. Structural reforms are needed to kick start the economy but there seems to be little political will to do this.

The downgrade potential

Ratings agencies want to see financial discipline (which Minister Gordhan has again delivered), less political instability and a path to revive economic growth. Time will tell how the country can tackle the latter two problems.

The Budget is redistributive

62% of income tax will be paid by those with taxable incomes greater than R500,000. No one doubts the fairness of the wealthy paying more tax but the wealthy are being hammered – consider also dividend and capital gains taxes also rising. Tax revenues are starting to fall and there is every chance the wealthy will start looking at legitimate ways to reduce future tax liabilities.

“Radical economic transformation”

The Minister spoke of transformation more than fifty times. “Radical economic transformation” is the new policy the president has adopted. For this to reflect in the 2017/2018 numbers, it requires a complete shift in the way Treasury compiles the budget. As it came late in the year, Treasury did not have the time to respond to this paradigm shift. Thus, whilst the Minister spoke of “radical economic transformation” in reality the budget was a continuation of previous budgets.

Nevertheless he did deliver one or two home truths such as ““We need to transform in order to grow; we need to grow in order to transform. Without transformation, growth will reinforce inequality; without growth, transformation will be distorted by patronage”.